PICOS
PICO 10.1
Population
Stroke patients with urinary incontinence
Intervention
Behavioural intervention
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.1
Population
Adults with acute stroke
Intervention
Colloid parenteral fluids
Comparator
Crystalloid parenteral fluids
Outcomes
PICO 10.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Shoulder strapping
Comparator
No strapping
Outcomes
PICO 10.2
Population
Adults with acute stroke
Intervention
Parenteral fluid of 0.9% saline
Comparator
Other parenteral fluid
Outcomes
PICO 10.2
Population
Stroke patients with urinary incontinence
Intervention
Specialised professional input
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.2
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Electrical stimulation
Comparator
Conventional therapy
Outcomes
PICO 10.3
Population
Stroke patients with urinary incontinence
Intervention
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.3
Population
Adults with stroke with severe paresis of arm
Intervention
Combined arm stretch positioning and neuromuscular electrical stimulation
Comparator
Conventional treatment
Outcomes
PICO 10.4
Population
Adults with stroke with shoulder pain
Intervention
Acupuncture
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.4
Population
Adults with overactive bladder syndrome
Intervention
Anticholinergic drugs
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 10.5
Population
Adults with suspected urinary incontinence
Intervention
Diagnostic assessment of urinary incontinence
Comparator
Multichannel urodynamics
Outcomes
PICO 10.5
Population
Adults with stroke with shoulder pain
Intervention
Botulinum toxin injection by any route
Comparator
Placebo injection
Outcomes
PICO 10.6
Population
Adults with stroke with shoulder pain
Intervention
Peripheral nerve stimulation with single implantable lead
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 10.6
Population
Adults with stroke with urinary incontinence
Intervention
Electroacupuncture
Comparator
Sham or control
Outcomes
PICO 10.7
Population
Adults with stroke with shoulder pain
Intervention
Segmental neuromyotherapy combined with standard hospital therapy
Comparator
Standard hospital therapy
Outcomes
PICO 10.8
Population
Adults with stroke with shoulder pain
Intervention
Suprascapular nerve block
Comparator
Placebo injection
Outcomes
PICO 10.9
Population
Adults with stroke with shoulder pain and with diagnosed rotator cuff syndrome (clinically and by ultrasound)
Intervention
Subacromial corticosteroid injection
Comparator
Placebo (lidocaine) injection
Outcomes
PICO 20.1
Population
Stroke patients with constipation
Intervention
Daikenchuto
Comparator
Conventional therapy
Outcomes
PICO 20.1
Population
Adults with stroke
,
Intervention
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding
,
Comparator
Nasogastric tube feeding
,
Outcomes
,
PICO 20.1
Population
Adults with stroke with emotionalism
Intervention
Pharmacotherapy
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 20.1
Population
Adults with central post-stroke pain
Intervention
Anticonvulsants
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 20.2
Population
Stroke patients with constipation
Intervention
Daily digital stimulation
Comparator
Digital stimulation every other day
Outcomes
PICO 20.2
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Continuous pump feeding
Comparator
Intermittent bolus feeding
Outcomes
PICO 20.2
Population
Adults with central post-stroke pain
Intervention
Antidepressants
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 20.3
Population
Adults with central post-stroke pain
Intervention
Opiods
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 20.3
Population
Stroke patients with constipation
Intervention
Morning bowel evacuation
Comparator
Evening schedule of bowel evacuation
Outcomes
PICO 20.3
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Nutrition support
Comparator
No nutrition support
Outcomes
PICO 20.4
Population
Stroke patients with constipation
Intervention
Nurse-led intervention
Comparator
Routine care
Outcomes
PICO 20.4
Population
Adults with central post-stroke pain
Intervention
Opioid antagonists
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 20.4
Population
Adults with stroke receiving tube feeding
Intervention
Diabetes specific enteral formula
Comparator
Usual enteral formula
Outcomes
PICO 20.5
Population
Adults with Stroke
Intervention
Enteral Nutrition and Probiotics
Comparator
Enteral Nutrition
Outcomes
PICO 20.5
Population
Adults with central post-stroke pain
Intervention
Brain or spinal cord stimulation
Comparator
Sham
Outcomes
PICO 20.5
Population
Stroke patients with constipation
Intervention
Transcutaneous electrical acustimulation
Comparator
Sham treatment
Outcomes
PICO 20.6
Population
Adults with central post-stroke pain
Intervention
Acupuncture
Comparator
Sham
Outcomes
PICO 20.6
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Modified Enteral Nutrition
Comparator
Standard Enteral Nutrition
Outcomes
PICO 20.6
Population
Stroke patients with constipation
Intervention
Abdominal massage
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 20.7
Population
Adults with central post-stroke pain
Intervention
Other pharmacotherapies
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 20.7
Population
Adults with stroke with constipation
Intervention
Acupressure
Comparator
Sham control
Outcomes
PICO 30.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Pharmacotherapy for the prevention of depression
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 30.2
Population
Adults with stroke without depression
Intervention
Psychological therapy
Comparator
Control or attention control
Outcomes
PICO 30.3
Population
Adults with stoke
Intervention
Physical activity interventions
Comparator
Standard rehabilitation
Outcomes
PICO 40.1
Population
Adults with stroke with depression
Intervention
pharmacological interventions
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 40.2
Population
Adults with stroke with depression
Intervention
Psychological therapy
Comparator
Usual care / attention control
Outcomes
PICO 40.3
Population
Adults with stroke with depression
Intervention
Non-invasive brain stimulation
Comparator
Sham stimulation or usual care
Outcomes
PICO 40.4
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Structured exercise
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 40.5
Population
Adults with stroke with depression
Intervention
Wuling capsule
Comparator
No treatment
Outcomes
PICO 40.6
Population
Adults with stroke with depression
Intervention
Acupuncture therapy
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 40.7
Population
Adults with stroke with depression
Intervention
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 50.1
Population
Adults with stroke with anxiety
Intervention
Pharmacological and/or psychological interventions
Comparator
No control group
Outcomes
PICO 50.2
Population
Adults with stroke and anxiety
Intervention
Yoga
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 60.1
Population
Adults with acquired brain injury
Intervention
Positive behaviour support
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 60.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Oral hygienic care intervention
Comparator
Standard care
Outcomes
PICO 70.1
Population
Adults with stroke with lower limb spasticity
Intervention
Botulinum Toxin A
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 70.2
Population
Adults with stroke with spasticity
Intervention
Acupuncture
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 70.3
Population
Adults with stroke with spasticity
Intervention
Neuromuscular electric stimulation
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 70.4
Population
Adults with stroke with spasticity
Intervention
Adjunct therapies to Botox
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 70.5
Population
Adults with stroke with spasticity
Intervention
Stretch
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 70.6
Population
Adults with stroke with spasticity
Intervention
Transcutaneuous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 70.7
Population
Adults with stroke with upper limb activity
Intervention
Botulinum toxin type A plus adhesive taping
Comparator
Botulinum toxin type A plus stretching and splinting
Outcomes
PICO 70.8
Population
Adults with stroke with elbow flexor spasticity
Intervention
abobotulinumtoxinA 1000 U
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 70.9
Population
Adults with stroke with upper limb spasticity
Intervention
Botulinum Toxin A
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 70.10
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT)
Comparator
Conventional treatment
Outcomes
PICO 70.11
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
Comparator
Sham control or usual care
Outcomes
PICO 80.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Passive movements
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 80.2
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Stretch plus usual care
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 90.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Shoulder strapping
Comparator
No strapping
Outcomes
PICO 90.2
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Shoulder orthosis / sling / support
Comparator
Conventional treatment
Outcomes
PICO 90.3
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Combined arm stretch positioning and neuromuscular electrical stimulation
Comparator
Conventional treatment
Outcomes
PICO 90.4
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Electrical stimulation
Comparator
Conventional therapy
Outcomes
PICO 110.1
Population
Adults with stroke
,
Intervention
Mixed interventions
,
Comparator
Usual care
,
Outcomes
,
PICO 110.2
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Compression therapy
Comparator
Standard therapy
Outcomes
PICO 110.3
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Passive mobilisation
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 110.4
Population
Adults with stroke with complex regional pain syndrome
Intervention
Heat therapy (various means)
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 110.5
Population
Adults with stroke with hand swelling
,
Intervention
Electrical stimulation
,
Comparator
Usual care
,
Outcomes
,
PICO 120.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Interventions to treat fatigue
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 150.1
Population
Adult with ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Anticoagulation
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 150.2
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Intermittent pneumatic compression
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 150.3
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Graduated compression stockings
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 150.4
Population
Adults with ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Low Molecular Weight Heparin
Comparator
Unfractionated heparin
Outcomes
PICO 150.5
Population
Adults with haemorrhagic stroke
Intervention
Pharmacotherapy
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 160.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Exercise
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 160.2
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Single lens distance glasses
Comparator
Usual (multifocal) glasses
Outcomes
PICO 160.3
Population
Interventions for preventing falls in people after stroke
Intervention
Environment: social environment
Comparator
usual care
Outcomes
PICO 160.4
Population
Interventions for preventing falls in people after stroke
Intervention
Environment: servo-assistive rollator
Comparator
Outcomes
PICO 160.5
Population
Interventions for preventing falls in people after stroke
Intervention
Other interventions: tDCS
Comparator
Outcomes
PICO 170.1
Population
Adults with stroke with pressure injury
Intervention
Nurse-led interventions
Comparator
Standard care
Outcomes
PICO 180.1
Population
Adults with stroke or TIA
Intervention
Screening tools for obstructive sleep apnea
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 180.2
Population
Adults with stroke with sleep disordered breathing
Intervention
Positive airway pressure treatment
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 180.3
Population
Adults with stroke with sleep disordered breathing
Intervention
Acupuncture
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
