PICOS
PICO 10.1
Population
Corticosteroids for acute ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Corticosteroids
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 10.1
Population
Adults with intracerebral haemorrhage
Intervention
Edaravone
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 10.1
Population
Adults with acute stroke treated within 6 hours without perfusion imaging selection
Intervention
Intravenous alteplase
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.2
Population
Adults with intracerebral haemorrhage
Intervention
Cerebrolysin
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 10.2
Population
Adults with acute stroke treated within 3 hours without perfusion imaging selection
Intervention
Intravenous alteplase
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.3
Population
Adults with intracerebral haemorrhage
Intervention
Haemostatic agents
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 10.3
Population
Adults with acute stroke treated at 3-4.5 hours without perfusion imaging selection
Intervention
Intravenous alteplase
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.4
Population
Adults with intracranial haemorrhage related to vitamin K antagonists
Intervention
Prothrombin complex concentrate
Comparator
Fresh frozen plasma
Outcomes
PICO 10.4
Population
Adults with acute stroke treated at 4.5-6 hours without perfusion imaging selection
Intervention
Intravenous alteplase
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.5
Population
Adults with acute stroke treated 4.5-9 hours or after wake-up onset using perfusion imaging selection
Intervention
Intravenous alteplase
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.5
Population
Adults with intracerebral haemorrhage taking antiplatelet before
Intervention
Platelet transfusion
Comparator
Standard care
Outcomes
PICO 10.6
Population
Adults with acute stroke
Intervention
Low-dose intravenous alteplase
Comparator
Standard-dose intravenous alteplase
Outcomes
PICO 10.6
Population
Adults with ICH related with DOACs
Intervention
Reversal agents
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 10.7
Population
Adults with acute stroke
Intervention
Sonothrombolysis
Comparator
Alteplase only
Outcomes
PICO 10.7
Population
Adults with intracerebral haemorrhage
Intervention
Care bundle
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 10.8
Population
Adults with acute stroke due to large vessel occlusion treated at 0-4.5 hours without perfusion imaging selection
Intervention
Intravenous tenecteplase
Comparator
Intravenous alteplase
Outcomes
PICO 10.9
Population
Adults with acute stroke treated within 4.5 hours
Intervention
Intravenous tenecteplase
Comparator
Intravenous alteplase
Outcomes
PICO 10.10
Population
Adults with acute stroke treated within 4.5 - 24 hours of onset or wake-up
Intervention
Intravenous Tenecteplase
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.11
Population
Adults with acute stroke of uncertain onset time treated on the basis of advance brain imaging
Intervention
Intravenous Alteplase
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.12
Population
Adults with basilar artery occlusion
Intervention
Intravenous alteplase
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.13
Population
Adults with minor nondisabling acute ischemic stroke
Intervention
Intravenous alteplase or tenecteplase
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 10.14
Population
Adults with acute stroke receiving dabigatran prestroke
Intervention
Dabigatran reversal with idarucizumab then IVT
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 20.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Endovascular therapy
Comparator
Standard medical care
Outcomes
PICO 20.1
Population
Adults with intracerebral haemorrhage
Intervention
Minimally invasive surgery
Comparator
Standard medical care
Outcomes
PICO 20.2
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Endovascular therapy + intravenous thrombolysis
Comparator
Intravenous thrombolysis alone
Outcomes
PICO 20.2
Population
Adults with intracerebral haemorrhage
Intervention
Minimally invasive surgery
Comparator
Craniotomy
Outcomes
PICO 20.3
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Endovascular therapy alone
Comparator
Endovascular therapy + intravenous thrombolysis
Outcomes
PICO 20.3
Population
Adults with intracerebral haemorrhage
Intervention
Craniotomy
Comparator
Standard medical care
Outcomes
PICO 20.4
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Stent retrievers
Comparator
Merci device
Outcomes
PICO 20.4
Population
Adults with intraventricular haemorrhage complicating parenchymal haemorrhage
Intervention
Surgery+/- fibrinolytics
Comparator
Conservative treatment
Outcomes
PICO 20.5
Population
Adults with stroke ineligible for IV thrombolysis
Intervention
Endovascular therapy
Comparator
Standard care
Outcomes
PICO 20.6
Population
Adults with stroke onset > 6 hours
Intervention
Endovascular therapy
Comparator
Standard care
Outcomes
PICO 20.7
Population
Adults with stroke aged over 80 years
Intervention
Endovascular therapy
Comparator
Standard medical care
Outcomes
PICO 20.8
Population
Adults with stroke caused by distal MCA (M2) occlusion
Intervention
Endovascular therapy
Comparator
Standard medical care
Outcomes
PICO 20.9
Population
Adults with basilar artery occlusion
Intervention
Endovascular therapy
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 20.10
Population
Adults with stroke caused by intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS)
Intervention
Endovascular therapy
Comparator
Standard medical care
Outcomes
PICO 20.11
Population
Adults with large ischemic region stroke (ASPECTS 3-5)
Intervention
Endovascular therapy + intravenous thrombolysis
Comparator
Medical treatment
Outcomes
PICO 20.12
Population
Adults with venous sinus thrombosis
Intervention
Endovascular therapy with medical management
Comparator
Standard care
Outcomes
PICO 20.13
Population
Adults with acute ischemic stroke with MT failure
Intervention
Intracranial rescue stenting
Comparator
Non-stenting
Outcomes
PICO 50.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Organised stroke unit care
Comparator
Alternative services (less organised care)
Outcomes
PICO 50.2
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
stroke unit ward
Comparator
General medical wards
Outcomes
PICO 50.3
Population
Continuous versus intermittent physiological monitoring for acute stroke
Intervention
Continuous monitoring
Comparator
Intermittent monitoring of physiological variables
Outcomes
PICO 50.4
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Acute nursing intervention
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 70.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Interdisciplinary palliative care
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 90.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Early swallow screen
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 90.2
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Swallow screen test
Comparator
Reference standard (FEES or VF)
Outcomes
PICO 90.3
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Clinical swallowing evaluation
Comparator
Instrumental swallow exam
Outcomes
PICO 90.4
Population
All stroke patients with dysphagia
Intervention
Postural techniques and swallow strategies (compensatory -direct)
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 90.5
Population
All stroke patients with dysphagia
Intervention
Modifications of food and diet (compensatory - direct)
Comparator
Usual Care
Outcomes
PICO 90.6
Population
All stroke patients with dysphagia
Intervention
Modification of fluid consistencies (compensatory -direct)
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 90.7
Population
All stroke patients with dysphagia
Intervention
Surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)
Comparator
Usual care / placebo / sham
Outcomes
PICO 90.8
Population
All stroke patients with dysphagia
Intervention
Pharyngeal electrical stimulation
Comparator
Sham
Outcomes
PICO 90.9
Population
All stroke patients with dysphagia
Intervention
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Comparator
Sham or control
Outcomes
PICO 90.10
Population
All stroke patients with dysphagia
Intervention
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
Comparator
Sham or control
Outcomes
PICO 90.11
Population
All stroke patients with dysphagia
Intervention
Acupuncture
Comparator
No acupuncture
Outcomes
PICO 90.12
Population
All stroke patients with dysphagia
Intervention
Rehabilitative exercises (rehabilitation -indirect)
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 90.13
Population
All stroke patients with dysphagia
Intervention
Peripheral sensory stimulation (rehabilitation -indirect)
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 90.14
Population
All stroke patients with dysphagia
Intervention
Drug therapy
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 90.15
Population
All stroke patients with dysphagia
Intervention
Biofeedback as adjunctive
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 100.1
Population
Adults with acute ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Early antiplatelet therapy
Comparator
Placebo or no treatment
Outcomes
PICO 100.2
Population
Adults with acute stroke
Intervention
Anticoagulant
Comparator
Placebo, antiplatelet therapy or no treatment
Outcomes
PICO 100.3
Population
Adults with acute stroke
Intervention
Clopidegrol and aspirin
Comparator
Aspirin
Outcomes
PICO 100.4
Population
Adults with acute stroke
Intervention
Ticagrelor and aspirin
Comparator
Aspirin
Outcomes
PICO 100.5
Population
Adult stroke patients treated with alteplase
Intervention
Early antiplatelet therapy
Comparator
No additional therapy
Outcomes
PICO 100.6
Population
Adults with minor stroke
Intervention
Dual antiplatelet therapy
Comparator
Intravenous thrombolysis
Outcomes
PICO 110.1
Population
Adults with ICH
Intervention
Blood pressure lowering
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 110.2
Population
Adults with ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Blood pressure lowering
Comparator
Control
Outcomes
PICO 110.3
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Continue pre-stroke antihypertensives
Comparator
Stop pre-stroke antihypertensives
Outcomes
PICO 120.1
Population
Adults > 60 y.o. with malignant middle cerebral artery infarct
Intervention
Hemicraniectomy
Comparator
Medical treatment
Outcomes
PICO 120.2
Population
Adults < 60 y.o. with malignant middle cerebral artery infarct
Intervention
Hemicraniectomy
Comparator
Medical treatment
Outcomes
PICO 140.1
Population
Adults with acute ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Early routine oxygen supplementation
Comparator
Room air
Outcomes
PICO 140.2
Population
Adults with acute stroke
Intervention
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Comparator
Standard practice
Outcomes
PICO 140.3
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
High-flow normobaric oxygen therapy
Comparator
Routine low-flow oxygen supplementation
Outcomes
PICO 150.1
Population
Patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS)
Intervention
Excitotoxicity
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 150.2
Population
Patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS)
Intervention
Minocycline
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 150.3
Population
Patients with ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Remote ischemic conditioning
Comparator
Usual care or control
Outcomes
PICO 150.4
Population
Patients with ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Normobaric Oxygen
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 150.5
Population
Patients with ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Treatment targeting oxidative stress
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 150.6
Population
Patients with ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Treatment targeting Cellular apoptosis
Comparator
Usual care or control
Outcomes
PICO 150.7
Population
Patients with ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Platelet activation factor (PAF) antagonists (eg; Ginkgolides)
Comparator
Usual care or control
Outcomes
PICO 150.8
Population
Patients with ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Mild hypothermia
Comparator
Usual care or control
Outcomes
PICO 150.9
Population
Adults with ischaemic stroke
Intervention
Colchicine (anti-inflammatory)
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 160.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Fever, Sugar, Swallow (FeSS) protocol
Comparator
No FeSS protocol
Outcomes
PICO 160.2
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Insulin for tight glycaemic control
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 160.3
Population
Adults with acute ischemic stroke
Intervention
Exenatide (GLP-1 receptor agonist)
Comparator
Standard care
Outcomes
PICO 170.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
FeSS protocol (Fever, Sugar, Swallow)
Comparator
No FeSS protocol
Outcomes
PICO 170.2
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Therapeutic hypothermia
Comparator
Standardized stroke unit care
Outcomes
PICO 170.3
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Paracetamol
Comparator
Placebo
Outcomes
PICO 180.1
Population
People with suspected acute stroke
Intervention
Integrated telestroke program
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes
PICO 180.2
Population
Adults with acute or suspected stroke
Intervention
Acute telestroke connections using video conference
Comparator
Telestroke using telephone contact alone
Outcomes
PICO 190.1
Population
Adults with stroke
Intervention
Supine positioning
Comparator
Sitting up
Outcomes
PICO 190.2
Population
Adults with acute stroke
Intervention
Head-down position −20° Trendelenburg
Comparator
Supine or sitting position
Outcomes
PICO 190.3
Population
Adults with large vessel occlusion
Intervention
0-degrees head position
Comparator
30-degrees head position
Outcomes
