WHO recommendations on non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections

Published by WHO on Apr 4, 2025

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Abstract

WHO recommendations non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections  ISBN 978-92-4-155033-8 

 

 

 

 

© World Health Organization 2018 

 

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PICOS

PICO 10.1

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Birth preparation training
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 10.2

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Psychosocial couple-based prevention programme
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 10.3

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Psycho-education by phone
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 10.4

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Pelvic floor muscle training exercises (PFMT) with telephone follow up
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 10.5

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Childbirth training workshop
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 10.6

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Psychoeducation
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 10.7

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Prenatal education for husbands
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 10.8

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Antenatal education on natural childbirth preparation with training in breathing and relaxation techniques
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 10.9

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Computer decision aids
Comparator
Usual care
Outcomes

PICO 10.10

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Nurse-led applied relaxation training programme
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 10.11

Population
Pregnant women with a previous caesarean delivery
Intervention
Decision-aid booklet
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 10.12

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Intensive group therapy (cognitive behavioural therapy and childbirth psychotherapy)
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 10.13

Population
Pregnant women with previous caesarean section
Intervention
Individualized prenatal education and support programme
Comparator
Written information in pamphlet
Outcomes

PICO 10.14

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Role play education
Comparator
Standard education using lectures
Outcomes

PICO 10.15

Population
Pregnant women with previous caesarean section
Intervention
Computerized decision aid
Comparator
Educational brochures
Outcomes

PICO 20.1

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Education of public health nurses on childbirth classes
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 20.2

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Evidence based clinical practice guidelines plus mandatory second opinion
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 20.3

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Peer review plus mandatory second opinion
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 20.4

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Audit and feedback using the Robson classification
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 20.5

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Audit and feedback plus financial incentive
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 20.6

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Evidence based clinical practice guidelines plus audit and feedback
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 20.7

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Audit and feedback plus 24-hour in-house coverage by dedicated physician
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 20.8

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Audit and feedback plus local opinion leader education
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 30.1

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Expanded access to collaborative 24-hour midwifery- labourist care model
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 30.2

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Equalizing physician fees for vaginal and caesarean section delivery
Comparator
Control
Outcomes

PICO 30.3

Population
Pregnant women
Intervention
Increase in vaginal birth physician fees to that of caesarean section
Comparator
Control
Outcomes